makefile instructions
Signed-off-by: Brooke Hamilton <45323234+brooke-hamilton@users.noreply.github.com>
This commit is contained in:
Brooke Hamilton
parent
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@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ Team and project-specific instructions to enhance GitHub Copilot's behavior for
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| [Kotlin MCP Server Development Guidelines](../instructions/kotlin-mcp-server.instructions.md)<br />[](https://aka.ms/awesome-copilot/install/instructions?url=vscode%3Achat-instructions%2Finstall%3Furl%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fraw.githubusercontent.com%2Fgithub%2Fawesome-copilot%2Fmain%2Finstructions%2Fkotlin-mcp-server.instructions.md)<br />[](https://aka.ms/awesome-copilot/install/instructions?url=vscode-insiders%3Achat-instructions%2Finstall%3Furl%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fraw.githubusercontent.com%2Fgithub%2Fawesome-copilot%2Fmain%2Finstructions%2Fkotlin-mcp-server.instructions.md) | Best practices and patterns for building Model Context Protocol (MCP) servers in Kotlin using the official io.modelcontextprotocol:kotlin-sdk library. |
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| [Kubernetes Deployment Best Practices](../instructions/kubernetes-deployment-best-practices.instructions.md)<br />[](https://aka.ms/awesome-copilot/install/instructions?url=vscode%3Achat-instructions%2Finstall%3Furl%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fraw.githubusercontent.com%2Fgithub%2Fawesome-copilot%2Fmain%2Finstructions%2Fkubernetes-deployment-best-practices.instructions.md)<br />[](https://aka.ms/awesome-copilot/install/instructions?url=vscode-insiders%3Achat-instructions%2Finstall%3Furl%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fraw.githubusercontent.com%2Fgithub%2Fawesome-copilot%2Fmain%2Finstructions%2Fkubernetes-deployment-best-practices.instructions.md) | Comprehensive best practices for deploying and managing applications on Kubernetes. Covers Pods, Deployments, Services, Ingress, ConfigMaps, Secrets, health checks, resource limits, scaling, and security contexts. |
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| [LangChain Python Instructions](../instructions/langchain-python.instructions.md)<br />[](https://aka.ms/awesome-copilot/install/instructions?url=vscode%3Achat-instructions%2Finstall%3Furl%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fraw.githubusercontent.com%2Fgithub%2Fawesome-copilot%2Fmain%2Finstructions%2Flangchain-python.instructions.md)<br />[](https://aka.ms/awesome-copilot/install/instructions?url=vscode-insiders%3Achat-instructions%2Finstall%3Furl%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fraw.githubusercontent.com%2Fgithub%2Fawesome-copilot%2Fmain%2Finstructions%2Flangchain-python.instructions.md) | Instructions for using LangChain with Python |
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| [Makefile Development Instructions](../instructions/makefile.instructions.md)<br />[](https://aka.ms/awesome-copilot/install/instructions?url=vscode%3Achat-instructions%2Finstall%3Furl%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fraw.githubusercontent.com%2Fgithub%2Fawesome-copilot%2Fmain%2Finstructions%2Fmakefile.instructions.md)<br />[](https://aka.ms/awesome-copilot/install/instructions?url=vscode-insiders%3Achat-instructions%2Finstall%3Furl%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fraw.githubusercontent.com%2Fgithub%2Fawesome-copilot%2Fmain%2Finstructions%2Fmakefile.instructions.md) | Best practices for authoring GNU Make Makefiles |
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| [Markdown](../instructions/markdown.instructions.md)<br />[](https://aka.ms/awesome-copilot/install/instructions?url=vscode%3Achat-instructions%2Finstall%3Furl%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fraw.githubusercontent.com%2Fgithub%2Fawesome-copilot%2Fmain%2Finstructions%2Fmarkdown.instructions.md)<br />[](https://aka.ms/awesome-copilot/install/instructions?url=vscode-insiders%3Achat-instructions%2Finstall%3Furl%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fraw.githubusercontent.com%2Fgithub%2Fawesome-copilot%2Fmain%2Finstructions%2Fmarkdown.instructions.md) | Documentation and content creation standards |
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| [Memory Bank](../instructions/memory-bank.instructions.md)<br />[](https://aka.ms/awesome-copilot/install/instructions?url=vscode%3Achat-instructions%2Finstall%3Furl%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fraw.githubusercontent.com%2Fgithub%2Fawesome-copilot%2Fmain%2Finstructions%2Fmemory-bank.instructions.md)<br />[](https://aka.ms/awesome-copilot/install/instructions?url=vscode-insiders%3Achat-instructions%2Finstall%3Furl%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fraw.githubusercontent.com%2Fgithub%2Fawesome-copilot%2Fmain%2Finstructions%2Fmemory-bank.instructions.md) | Bank specific coding standards and best practices |
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| [Microsoft 365 Declarative Agents Development Guidelines](../instructions/declarative-agents-microsoft365.instructions.md)<br />[](https://aka.ms/awesome-copilot/install/instructions?url=vscode%3Achat-instructions%2Finstall%3Furl%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fraw.githubusercontent.com%2Fgithub%2Fawesome-copilot%2Fmain%2Finstructions%2Fdeclarative-agents-microsoft365.instructions.md)<br />[](https://aka.ms/awesome-copilot/install/instructions?url=vscode-insiders%3Achat-instructions%2Finstall%3Furl%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fraw.githubusercontent.com%2Fgithub%2Fawesome-copilot%2Fmain%2Finstructions%2Fdeclarative-agents-microsoft365.instructions.md) | Comprehensive development guidelines for Microsoft 365 Copilot declarative agents with schema v1.5, TypeSpec integration, and Microsoft 365 Agents Toolkit workflows |
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410
instructions/makefile.instructions.md
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410
instructions/makefile.instructions.md
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@ -0,0 +1,410 @@
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---
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description: "Best practices for authoring GNU Make Makefiles"
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applyTo: "**/Makefile, **/makefile, **/*.mk, **/GNUmakefile"
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---
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# Makefile Development Instructions
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Instructions for writing clean, maintainable, and portable GNU Make Makefiles. These instructions are based on the [GNU Make manual](https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/).
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## General Principles
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- Write clear and maintainable makefiles that follow GNU Make conventions
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- Use descriptive target names that clearly indicate their purpose
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- Keep the default goal (first target) as the most common build operation
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- Prioritize readability over brevity when writing rules and recipes
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- Add comments to explain complex rules, variables, or non-obvious behavior
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## Naming Conventions
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- Name your makefile `Makefile` (recommended for visibility) or `makefile`
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- Use `GNUmakefile` only for GNU Make-specific features incompatible with other make implementations
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- Use standard variable names: `objects`, `OBJECTS`, `objs`, `OBJS`, `obj`, or `OBJ` for object file lists
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- Use uppercase for built-in variable names (e.g., `CC`, `CFLAGS`, `LDFLAGS`)
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- Use descriptive target names that reflect their action (e.g., `clean`, `install`, `test`)
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## File Structure
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- Place the default goal (primary build target) as the first rule in the makefile
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- Group related targets together logically
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- Define variables at the top of the makefile before rules
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- Use `.PHONY` to declare targets that don't represent files
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- Structure makefiles with: variables, then rules, then phony targets
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```makefile
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# Variables
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CC = gcc
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CFLAGS = -Wall -g
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objects = main.o utils.o
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# Default goal
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all: program
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# Rules
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program: $(objects)
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$(CC) -o program $(objects)
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%.o: %.c
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$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@
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# Phony targets
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.PHONY: clean all
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clean:
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rm -f program $(objects)
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```
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## Variables and Substitution
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- Use variables to avoid duplication and improve maintainability
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- Define variables with `:=` (simple expansion) for immediate evaluation, `=` for recursive expansion
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- Use `?=` to set default values that can be overridden
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- Use `+=` to append to existing variables
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- Reference variables with `$(VARIABLE)` not `$VARIABLE` (unless single character)
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- Use automatic variables (`$@`, `$<`, `$^`, `$?`, `$*`) in recipes to make rules more generic
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```makefile
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# Simple expansion (evaluates immediately)
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CC := gcc
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# Recursive expansion (evaluates when used)
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CFLAGS = -Wall $(EXTRA_FLAGS)
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# Conditional assignment
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PREFIX ?= /usr/local
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# Append to variable
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CFLAGS += -g
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```
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## Rules and Prerequisites
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- Separate targets, prerequisites, and recipes clearly
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- Use implicit rules for standard compilations (e.g., `.c` to `.o`)
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- List prerequisites in logical order (normal prerequisites before order-only)
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- Use order-only prerequisites (after `|`) for directories and dependencies that shouldn't trigger rebuilds
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- Include all actual dependencies to ensure correct rebuilds
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- Avoid circular dependencies between targets
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- Remember that order-only prerequisites are omitted from automatic variables like `$^`, so reference them explicitly if needed
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The example below shows a pattern rule that compiles objects into an `obj/` directory. The directory itself is listed as an order-only prerequisite so it is created before compiling but does not force recompilation when its timestamp changes.
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```makefile
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# Normal prerequisites
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program: main.o utils.o
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$(CC) -o $@ $^
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# Order-only prerequisites (directory creation)
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obj/%.o: %.c | obj
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$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@
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obj:
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mkdir -p obj
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```
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## Recipes and Commands
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- Start every recipe line with a **tab character** (not spaces) unless `.RECIPEPREFIX` is changed
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- Use `@` prefix to suppress command echoing when appropriate
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- Use `-` prefix to ignore errors for specific commands (use sparingly)
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- Combine related commands with `&&` or `;` on the same line when they must execute together
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- Keep recipes readable; break long commands across multiple lines with backslash continuation
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- Use shell conditionals and loops within recipes when needed
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```makefile
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# Silent command
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clean:
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@echo "Cleaning up..."
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@rm -f $(objects)
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# Ignore errors
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.PHONY: clean-all
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clean-all:
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-rm -rf build/
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-rm -rf dist/
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# Multi-line recipe with proper continuation
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install: program
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install -d $(PREFIX)/bin && \
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install -m 755 program $(PREFIX)/bin
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```
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## Phony Targets
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- Always declare phony targets with `.PHONY` to avoid conflicts with files of the same name
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- Use phony targets for actions like `clean`, `install`, `test`, `all`
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- Place phony target declarations near their rule definitions or at the end of the makefile
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```makefile
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.PHONY: all clean test install
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all: program
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clean:
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rm -f program $(objects)
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test: program
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./run-tests.sh
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install: program
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install -m 755 program $(PREFIX)/bin
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```
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## Pattern Rules and Implicit Rules
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- Use pattern rules (`%.o: %.c`) for generic transformations
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- Leverage built-in implicit rules when appropriate (GNU Make knows how to compile `.c` to `.o`)
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- Override implicit rule variables (like `CC`, `CFLAGS`) rather than rewriting the rules
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- Define custom pattern rules only when built-in rules are insufficient
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```makefile
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# Use built-in implicit rules by setting variables
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CC = gcc
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CFLAGS = -Wall -O2
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# Custom pattern rule for special cases
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%.pdf: %.md
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pandoc $< -o $@
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```
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## Splitting Long Lines
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- Use backslash-newline (`\`) to split long lines for readability
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- Be aware that backslash-newline is converted to a single space in non-recipe contexts
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- In recipes, backslash-newline preserves the line continuation for the shell
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- Avoid trailing whitespace after backslashes
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### Splitting Without Adding Whitespace
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If you need to split a line without adding whitespace, you can use a special technique: insert `$ ` (dollar-space) followed by a backslash-newline. The `$ ` refers to a variable with a single-space name, which doesn't exist and expands to nothing, effectively joining the lines without inserting a space.
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```makefile
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# Concatenate strings without adding whitespace
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# The following creates the value "oneword"
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var := one$ \
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word
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# This is equivalent to:
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# var := oneword
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```
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```makefile
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# Variable definition split across lines
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sources = main.c \
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utils.c \
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parser.c \
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handler.c
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# Recipe with long command
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build: $(objects)
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$(CC) -o program $(objects) \
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$(LDFLAGS) \
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-lm -lpthread
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```
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## Including Other Makefiles
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- Use `include` directive to share common definitions across makefiles
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- Use `-include` (or `sinclude`) to include optional makefiles without errors
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- Place `include` directives after variable definitions that may affect included files
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- Use `include` for shared variables, pattern rules, or common targets
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```makefile
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# Include common settings
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include config.mk
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# Include optional local configuration
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-include local.mk
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```
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## Conditional Directives
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- Use conditional directives (`ifeq`, `ifneq`, `ifdef`, `ifndef`) for platform or configuration-specific rules
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- Place conditionals at the makefile level, not within recipes (use shell conditionals in recipes)
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- Keep conditionals simple and well-documented
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```makefile
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# Platform-specific settings
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ifeq ($(OS),Windows_NT)
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EXE_EXT = .exe
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else
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EXE_EXT =
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endif
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program: main.o
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$(CC) -o program$(EXE_EXT) main.o
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```
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## Automatic Prerequisites
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- Generate header dependencies automatically rather than maintaining them manually
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- Use compiler flags like `-MMD` and `-MP` to generate `.d` files with dependencies
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- Include generated dependency files with `-include $(deps)` to avoid errors if they don't exist
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```makefile
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objects = main.o utils.o
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deps = $(objects:.o=.d)
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# Include dependency files
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-include $(deps)
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# Compile with automatic dependency generation
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%.o: %.c
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$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -MMD -MP -c $< -o $@
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```
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## Error Handling and Debugging
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- Use `$(error text)` or `$(warning text)` functions for build-time diagnostics
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- Test makefiles with `make -n` (dry run) to see commands without executing
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- Use `make -p` to print the database of rules and variables for debugging
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- Validate required variables and tools at the beginning of the makefile
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```makefile
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# Check for required tools
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ifeq ($(shell which gcc),)
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$(error "gcc is not installed or not in PATH")
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endif
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# Validate required variables
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ifndef VERSION
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$(error VERSION is not defined)
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endif
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```
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## Clean Targets
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- Always provide a `clean` target to remove generated files
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- Declare `clean` as phony to avoid conflicts with a file named "clean"
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- Use `-` prefix with `rm` commands to ignore errors if files don't exist
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- Consider separate `clean` (removes objects) and `distclean` (removes all generated files) targets
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```makefile
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.PHONY: clean distclean
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clean:
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-rm -f $(objects)
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-rm -f $(deps)
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distclean: clean
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-rm -f program config.mk
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```
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## Portability Considerations
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- Avoid GNU Make-specific features if portability to other make implementations is required
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- Use standard shell commands (prefer POSIX shell constructs)
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- Test with `make -B` to force rebuild all targets
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- Document any platform-specific requirements or GNU Make extensions used
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## Performance Optimization
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- Use `:=` for variables that don't need recursive expansion (faster)
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- Avoid unnecessary use of `$(shell ...)` which creates subprocesses
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- Order prerequisites efficiently (most frequently changing files last)
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- Use parallel builds (`make -j`) safely by ensuring targets don't conflict
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## Documentation and Comments
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- Add a header comment explaining the makefile's purpose
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- Document non-obvious variable settings and their effects
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- Include usage examples or targets in comments
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- Add inline comments for complex rules or platform-specific workarounds
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```makefile
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# Makefile for building the example application
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#
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# Usage:
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# make - Build the program
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# make clean - Remove generated files
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# make install - Install to $(PREFIX)
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#
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# Variables:
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# CC - C compiler (default: gcc)
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# PREFIX - Installation prefix (default: /usr/local)
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# Compiler and flags
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CC ?= gcc
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CFLAGS = -Wall -Wextra -O2
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# Installation directory
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PREFIX ?= /usr/local
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```
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## Special Targets
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- Use `.PHONY` for non-file targets
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- Use `.PRECIOUS` to preserve intermediate files
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- Use `.INTERMEDIATE` to mark files as intermediate (automatically deleted)
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- Use `.SECONDARY` to prevent deletion of intermediate files
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- Use `.DELETE_ON_ERROR` to remove targets if recipe fails
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- Use `.SILENT` to suppress echoing for all recipes (use sparingly)
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```makefile
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# Don't delete intermediate files
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.SECONDARY:
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# Delete targets if recipe fails
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.DELETE_ON_ERROR:
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# Preserve specific files
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.PRECIOUS: %.o
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```
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## Common Patterns
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### Standard Project Structure
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```makefile
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CC = gcc
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CFLAGS = -Wall -O2
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objects = main.o utils.o parser.o
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.PHONY: all clean install
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all: program
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program: $(objects)
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$(CC) -o $@ $^
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%.o: %.c
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$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@
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|
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clean:
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-rm -f program $(objects)
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|
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install: program
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install -d $(PREFIX)/bin
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install -m 755 program $(PREFIX)/bin
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```
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### Managing Multiple Programs
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```makefile
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programs = prog1 prog2 prog3
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.PHONY: all clean
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all: $(programs)
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prog1: prog1.o common.o
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$(CC) -o $@ $^
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prog2: prog2.o common.o
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$(CC) -o $@ $^
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prog3: prog3.o
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$(CC) -o $@ $^
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clean:
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-rm -f $(programs) *.o
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```
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## Anti-Patterns to Avoid
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||||
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- Don't start recipe lines with spaces instead of tabs
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- Avoid hardcoding file lists when they can be generated with wildcards or functions
|
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- Don't use `$(shell ls ...)` to get file lists (use `$(wildcard ...)` instead)
|
||||
- Avoid complex shell scripts in recipes (move to separate script files)
|
||||
- Don't forget to declare phony targets as `.PHONY`
|
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- Avoid circular dependencies between targets
|
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- Don't use recursive make (`$(MAKE) -C subdir`) unless absolutely necessary
|
||||
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